Is Korean Really a Listener-Responsible Language like Japanese?: A Contrastive Analysis of Discourse in Apologies between Korean and Japanese
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| Title | Is Korean Really a Listener-Responsible Language like Japanese?: A Contrastive Analysis of Discourse in Apologies between Korean and Japanese |
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| Abstract | According to Hinds’ typology of languages on discourse level, Japanese and Korean are both considered listener-responsible languages, whereas English is classified as a speaker-responsible language (Hinds, 1987). However, in conversation, Yoon (2009) demonstrated that Korean should be classified as a speaker-responsible language based on her contrastive analysis of daily conversations between married couples in Japanese and Korean, where address terms and fillers are used as contextualization cues (Gumperz, 1982) to convey a speakers intention to the interlocutor metacommunicatively. The purpose of the present study is to show that Japanese is listener-responsible, while Korean is a speaker-responsible language on the level of conversational communication. In order to test the hypothesis, surveys and recordings of real conversations of Japanese and Korean people were conducted and analyzed.The informants in the present study consisted of four groups: Japanese university students who live in their own country, Japanese university students who live in the U.S., Korean university students who live in their own country and Korean university students who live in the U.S. A Discourse Complete Test (DCT) was completed by Japanese and Korean university students to compare the differences in speaker responsibility in apologies. The results suggest that Korean should be classified as a speaker-responsible language for understanding in conversations, since Korean speakers produce many more utterances and convey more information per utterance to the interlocutor than Japanese speakers. Furthermore, it is found that the responsibility for the understanding of utterances correlate with daily use of American English, especially in the case of Japanese university students.-----Po Hindsovi tipologiji jezikov na ravni diskurza naj bi bila oba japonski in korejski jezik v skupini jezikov, pri katerih je sogovorec (oz. bralec) bolj odgovoren pri razumevanju namena diskurza (listener-responsible). Po drugi strani je angleščina uvrščena v skupino jezikov, pri katerih je govorec (oz. pisec) bolj odgovoren (speaker-responsible) (Hinds, 1987). Yoon (2009) je na osnovi protistavne analize vsakodnevnih konverzacij med poročenimi moškimi in ženskami v japonščini in korejščini ugotovila, da je korejščina v slednji skupini, tj. da je govorec/pisec bolj odgovoren za razumevanje namena diskurza: v raziskavi so bili upoštevani nagovori in polnila kot ključi kontekstualizacije (Gumperz, 1982), ki metakomunikativno posredujejo govorčev namen sogovorcem. Cilj pričujočega prispevka je to, da se preveri, da je v japonščini sogovorec oz. poslušalec odgovoren, medtem ko je v korejščini odgovoren govorec na ravni govorne komunikacije.Pogovore med Japonci in Korejci smo posneli in analizirali. Testirani so bili v 4 skupinah: japonski univerzitetni študenti, ki živijo v svoji domovini, japonski univerzitetni študenti, ki živijo v ZDA, korejski univerzitetni študenti, ki živijo doma, in korejski univerzitetni študenti, ki živijo v ZDA. Vsi študenti so izpolnili DCT test (Discourse Complete Test), po katerem bi ugotovili razlike v odgovornosti govorca v opravičevanju. Rezultati kažejo, da so govorci v korejščini, v primerjavi z govorci v japonščini, bolj odgovorni za razumevanje vsebine pogovora, ker izgovorijo veliko več izrazov in tako posreduje več informacij sogovorcem. Dalje smo ugotovili, je odgovornost za razumevanje izgovorjenih izrazov v sorazmerju z vsakodnevno rabo ameriške angleščine, zlasti v primeru japonskih univerzitetnih študentov. |
| Publisher | Faculty of Arts |
| Date | 2012-01-23 |
| Source | Acta Linguistica Asiatica Vol 1, No 3 (2011) |
| Rights | Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) |